But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. Merkebu Getachew. "National Statistical Abstract. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). Jorge Morales Pedraza. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. <i>Objective</i>. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. Agricultural inputs, seeds, machinery and equipment used in cotton production. The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. Agriculture. Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. [7], President Mengistu's 1990 decision to allow free movement of goods, to lift price controls, and to provide farmers with security of tenure was designed to reverse the decline in Ethiopia's agricultural sector. However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. Advanced Search Citation Search . An estimated 85 percent of the . In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. . However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. Trade. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. This can be attributed to two factors. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." Please see below for the market overview and trade data. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. 1401 Constitution Ave NW First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. The Blue Nile River. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Includes a market overview and trade data. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership in Ethiopia, as well as depressed the ability of peasants to improve themselves. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. Search term. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Kassaye Tolassa . Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. Private . The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. Download. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. There also was concern that villagization could have a negative impact on fragile local resources, accelerate the spread of communicable diseases, and increase problems with plant pests and diseases. State farms sold their output to the AMC. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. (2013). International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. Official websites use .gov USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. [2][3][4] Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. 27 May 2021. However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports.
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